b)Is it a sign of a more civilised, or more screwed up, society that adultery is now considered nothing serious and the idea of capital punishment for it strikes many as repulsive?
Adultery is not always harming anyone, if the marriage has already broken down and the other partner doesn't care perhaps. In any case it is a private matter and the law should have no say in it except via the divorce courts.
The specific problem with Islam in this area is the inflexibility of punishment for certain "crimes" and the idiotic basis for them. Laws and sentencing should be based on rational assessement of the circumstances of the case, the impact on others and how best to prevent repeat by the same offender and discourage others from doing the same thing.
Another lunacy of Islam in criminal law is the involvement of victim's relatives in sentencing as there is not going to be any impartiality.
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