Presumably in machine code:
Programming in the early days of the computer age - BBC News
Shoulders of giants.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr...tic_calculator
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Booth
https://answers.yahoo.com/question/i...5030927AAEXgLe
And the first memory drum:
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/site/assets...fcomputing.pdf
http://www.vullum.io/timeline/programming-languages/
Programming in the early days of the computer age - BBC News
Shoulders of giants.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr...tic_calculator
he subroutine concept led to the availability of a substantial subroutine library.
By 1951, 87 subroutines in the following categories were available for general use:
floating point arithmetic; arithmetic operations on complex numbers; checking; division; exponentiation; routines relating to functions; differential equations; special functions; power series; logarithms; miscellaneous; print and layout; quadrature; read (input); nth root; trigonometric functions; counting operations (simulating repeat until loops, while loops and for loops); vectors; and matrices.
By 1951, 87 subroutines in the following categories were available for general use:
floating point arithmetic; arithmetic operations on complex numbers; checking; division; exponentiation; routines relating to functions; differential equations; special functions; power series; logarithms; miscellaneous; print and layout; quadrature; read (input); nth root; trigonometric functions; counting operations (simulating repeat until loops, while loops and for loops); vectors; and matrices.
https://answers.yahoo.com/question/i...5030927AAEXgLe
And the first memory drum:
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/site/assets...fcomputing.pdf
http://www.vullum.io/timeline/programming-languages/
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