Originally posted by NickFitz
View Post
-
CIA - The World FactbookOriginally posted by Troll View Post
Geography Germany
Location:
Central Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, between the Netherlands and Poland, south of Denmark
Geographic coordinates:
51 00 N, 9 00 E
Map references:
Europe
Area:
total: 357,021 sq km
land: 349,223 sq km
water: 7,798 sq km
Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Montana
Land boundaries:
total: 3,621 km
border countries: Austria 784 km, Belgium 167 km, Czech Republic 646 km, Denmark 68 km, France 451 km, Luxembourg 138 km, Netherlands 577 km, Poland 456 km, Switzerland 334 km
Coastline:
2,389 kmLeave a comment:
-
Originally posted by NickFitz View PostHere is a Whitespace program to calculate factorials, which includes a tutorial about the language in the form of meaningless non-whitespace.
You'll need a Whitespace interpreter (or compiler, if such a thing there be) to execute it.
If the forum software mucks up the whitespace, you'll have to download the source yourself.
Code:Whitespace tutorial The only lexical tokens in the whitespace language are Space (ASCII 32), Tab (ASCII 9) and Line Feed (ASCII 10). By only allowing line feed as a token, CR/LF problems are avoided across DOS/Unix file conversions. (Um, not sure. Maybe we'll sort this in a later version.). The language itself is an imperative, stack based language. Each command consists of a series of tokens, beginning with the Instruction Modification Parameter (IMP). These are listed in the table below. IMP Meaning [Space] Stack Manipulation [Tab][Space] Arithmetic [Tab][Tab] Heap access [LF] Flow Control [Tab][LF] I/O The virtual machine on which programs run has a stack and a heap. The programmer is free to push arbitrary width integers onto the stack (only integers, currently there is no implementation of floating point or real numbers). The heap can also be accessed by the user as a permanent store of variables and data structures. Many commands require numbers or labels as parameters. Numbers can be any number of bits wide, and are simply represented as a series of [Space] and [Tab], terminated by a [LF]. [Space] represents the binary digit 0, [Tab] represents 1. The sign of a number is given by its first character, [Space] for positive and [Tab] for negative. Note that this is not twos complement, it just indicates a sign. Labels are simply [LF] terminated lists of spaces and tabs. There is only one global namespace so all labels must be unique. Stack Manipulation (IMP: [Space]) Stack manipulation is one of the more common operations, hence the shortness of the IMP [Space]. There are four stack instructions. Command Parameters Meaning [Space] Number Push the number onto the stack [LF][Space] - Duplicate the top item on the stack [LF][Tab] - Swap the top two items on the stack [LF][LF] - Discard the top item on the stack Arithmetic (IMP: [Tab][Space]) Arithmetic commands operate on the top two items on the stack, and replace them with the result of the operation. The first item pushed is considered to be left of the operator. Command Parameters Meaning [Space][Space] - Addition [Space][Tab] - Subtraction [Space][LF] - Multiplication [Tab][Space] - Integer Division [Tab][Tab] - Modulo Heap Access (IMP: [Tab][Tab]) Heap access commands look at the stack to find the address of items to be stored or retrieved. To store an item, push the address then the value and run the store command. To retrieve an item, push the address and run the retrieve command, which will place the value stored in the location at the top of the stack. Command Parameters Meaning [Space] - Store [Tab] - Retrieve Flow Control (IMP: [LF]) Flow control operations are also common. Subroutines are marked by labels, as well as the targets of conditional and unconditional jumps, by which loops can be implemented. Programs must be ended by means of [LF][LF][LF] so that the interpreter can exit cleanly. Command Parameters Meaning [Space][Space] Label Mark a location in the program [Space][Tab] Label Call a subroutine [Space][LF] Label Jump unconditionally to a label [Tab][Space] Label Jump to a label if the top of the stack is zero [Tab][Tab] Label Jump to a label if the top of the stack is negative [Tab][LF] - End a subroutine and transfer control back to the caller [LF][LF] - End the program I/O (IMP: [Tab][LF]) Finally, we need to be able to interact with the user. There are IO instructions for reading and writing numbers and individual characters. With these, string manipulation routines can be written. The read instructions take the heap address in which to store the result from the top of the stack. Command Parameters Meaning [Space][Space] - Output the character at the top of the stack [Space][Tab] - Output the number at the top of the stack [Tab][Space] - Read a character and place it in the location given by the top of the stack [Tab][Tab] - Read a number and place it in the location given by the top of the stack Annotated Example Here is an annotated example of a program which counts from 1 to 10, outputting the current value as it goes. [Space][Space][Space][Tab][LF] Put a 1 on the stack [LF][Space][Space][Space][Tab][Space][Space] [Space][Space][Tab][Tab][LF] Set a Label at this point [Space][LF][Space] Duplicate the top stack item [Tab][LF][Space][Tab] Output the current value [Space][Space][Space][Tab][Space][Tab][Space][LF] Put 10 (newline) on the stack... [Tab][LF][Space][Space] ...and output the newline [Space][Space][Space][Tab][LF] Put a 1 on the stack [Tab][Space][Space][Space] Addition. This increments our current value. [Space][LF][Space] Duplicate that value so we can test it [Space][Space][Space][Tab][Space][Tab][Tab][LF] Push 11 onto the stack [Tab][Space][Space][Tab] Subtraction. So if we've reached the end, we have a zero on the stack. [LF][Tab][Space][Space][Tab][Space][Space] [Space][Tab][Space][Tab][LF] If we have a zero, jump to the end [LF][Space][LF][Space][Tab][Space] [Space][Space][Space][Tab][Tab][LF] Jump to the start [LF][Space][Space][Space][Tab][Space] [Space][Space][Tab][Space][Tab][LF] Set the end label [Space][LF][LF] Discard our accumulator, to be tidy [LF][LF][LF] Finish What could be simpler? The source code for this program is available here. Have fun! [email protected]
yet another top notch NickFitz post
Leave a comment:
-
Here is a Whitespace program to calculate factorials, which includes a tutorial about the language in the form of meaningless non-whitespace.
You'll need a Whitespace interpreter (or compiler, if such a thing there be) to execute it.
If the forum software mucks up the whitespace, you'll have to download the source yourself.
Code:Whitespace tutorial The only lexical tokens in the whitespace language are Space (ASCII 32), Tab (ASCII 9) and Line Feed (ASCII 10). By only allowing line feed as a token, CR/LF problems are avoided across DOS/Unix file conversions. (Um, not sure. Maybe we'll sort this in a later version.). The language itself is an imperative, stack based language. Each command consists of a series of tokens, beginning with the Instruction Modification Parameter (IMP). These are listed in the table below. IMP Meaning [Space] Stack Manipulation [Tab][Space] Arithmetic [Tab][Tab] Heap access [LF] Flow Control [Tab][LF] I/O The virtual machine on which programs run has a stack and a heap. The programmer is free to push arbitrary width integers onto the stack (only integers, currently there is no implementation of floating point or real numbers). The heap can also be accessed by the user as a permanent store of variables and data structures. Many commands require numbers or labels as parameters. Numbers can be any number of bits wide, and are simply represented as a series of [Space] and [Tab], terminated by a [LF]. [Space] represents the binary digit 0, [Tab] represents 1. The sign of a number is given by its first character, [Space] for positive and [Tab] for negative. Note that this is not twos complement, it just indicates a sign. Labels are simply [LF] terminated lists of spaces and tabs. There is only one global namespace so all labels must be unique. Stack Manipulation (IMP: [Space]) Stack manipulation is one of the more common operations, hence the shortness of the IMP [Space]. There are four stack instructions. Command Parameters Meaning [Space] Number Push the number onto the stack [LF][Space] - Duplicate the top item on the stack [LF][Tab] - Swap the top two items on the stack [LF][LF] - Discard the top item on the stack Arithmetic (IMP: [Tab][Space]) Arithmetic commands operate on the top two items on the stack, and replace them with the result of the operation. The first item pushed is considered to be left of the operator. Command Parameters Meaning [Space][Space] - Addition [Space][Tab] - Subtraction [Space][LF] - Multiplication [Tab][Space] - Integer Division [Tab][Tab] - Modulo Heap Access (IMP: [Tab][Tab]) Heap access commands look at the stack to find the address of items to be stored or retrieved. To store an item, push the address then the value and run the store command. To retrieve an item, push the address and run the retrieve command, which will place the value stored in the location at the top of the stack. Command Parameters Meaning [Space] - Store [Tab] - Retrieve Flow Control (IMP: [LF]) Flow control operations are also common. Subroutines are marked by labels, as well as the targets of conditional and unconditional jumps, by which loops can be implemented. Programs must be ended by means of [LF][LF][LF] so that the interpreter can exit cleanly. Command Parameters Meaning [Space][Space] Label Mark a location in the program [Space][Tab] Label Call a subroutine [Space][LF] Label Jump unconditionally to a label [Tab][Space] Label Jump to a label if the top of the stack is zero [Tab][Tab] Label Jump to a label if the top of the stack is negative [Tab][LF] - End a subroutine and transfer control back to the caller [LF][LF] - End the program I/O (IMP: [Tab][LF]) Finally, we need to be able to interact with the user. There are IO instructions for reading and writing numbers and individual characters. With these, string manipulation routines can be written. The read instructions take the heap address in which to store the result from the top of the stack. Command Parameters Meaning [Space][Space] - Output the character at the top of the stack [Space][Tab] - Output the number at the top of the stack [Tab][Space] - Read a character and place it in the location given by the top of the stack [Tab][Tab] - Read a number and place it in the location given by the top of the stack Annotated Example Here is an annotated example of a program which counts from 1 to 10, outputting the current value as it goes. [Space][Space][Space][Tab][LF] Put a 1 on the stack [LF][Space][Space][Space][Tab][Space][Space] [Space][Space][Tab][Tab][LF] Set a Label at this point [Space][LF][Space] Duplicate the top stack item [Tab][LF][Space][Tab] Output the current value [Space][Space][Space][Tab][Space][Tab][Space][LF] Put 10 (newline) on the stack... [Tab][LF][Space][Space] ...and output the newline [Space][Space][Space][Tab][LF] Put a 1 on the stack [Tab][Space][Space][Space] Addition. This increments our current value. [Space][LF][Space] Duplicate that value so we can test it [Space][Space][Space][Tab][Space][Tab][Tab][LF] Push 11 onto the stack [Tab][Space][Space][Tab] Subtraction. So if we've reached the end, we have a zero on the stack. [LF][Tab][Space][Space][Tab][Space][Space] [Space][Tab][Space][Tab][LF] If we have a zero, jump to the end [LF][Space][LF][Space][Tab][Space] [Space][Space][Space][Tab][Tab][LF] Jump to the start [LF][Space][Space][Space][Tab][Space] [Space][Space][Tab][Space][Tab][LF] Set the end label [Space][LF][LF] Discard our accumulator, to be tidy [LF][LF][LF] Finish What could be simpler? The source code for this program is available here. Have fun! [email protected]
Leave a comment:
-
Nicht alle trolls sind deutsch.
Aber großer Onkel Volkner wurde gehangen, nachdem der Krieg wir normalerweise peacefull sind.
Sowieso nichts falsch mit lebensraum.
Montana schaut gut
HTHLeave a comment:
-
Sie sind ein troll Deutsch, und ich möchte, dass meine Belohnung.Leave a comment:
-
Whitespace vas ist eine Whitespace?
Whitespace ist nicht lebensraum.
Leave a comment: