The greek phalanx, or block of spearmen was a formidible fighting machine but it had severe limitations, at this battle the limitations were never exposed until the Persians found a way around the position. In addition to the narrow pass the Greeks also had a low wall to stand behind, which was a further obstacle to elephants or chariots.
The best way to defeat the phalanx was the Roman short swordsman. The Roman units were smaller, more flexible, could operate more independantly and had a method of recycling tired and wounded from the front ranks to the rear.
The main way that casualties were inflicted in the ancient world was when one side broke and ran, this was why the Persians could not afford to try to wear the Greeks down by attrition, their poor morale units would break after a few minute, assuming they even made contact, they would then be slaughtered.
In warfare there is a scissors, paper, stone principle. Spearmen are good against cavalry, swordsmen are good against spearmen, cavalry are good against swordsmen etc etc.



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